Once limited to screens and software, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is now entering factories, vehicles, and workplaces through robotics. Known as physical AI, this technology enables digitally based AI to combine with robots and operate in the real world. Traditionally, robots have moved only in ways they are programmed, making their actions predictable. However, physical AI is significantly expanding what the previous robots can do. It can learn and improve as it works by collecting data from their own experiences, in ways similar to humans. From autonomous cars to humanoid robots, physical AI is expected to spread across diverse areas of society.

Advances in Robotics and Physical AI at CES 2026: Hyundai Atlas

The rapid development of physical AI was at the forefront of CES 2026, an international consumer electronics conference hosted by the Consumer Technology Association (CTA). The event, held in Las Vegas on 6 January 2026, saw the unveiling of Boston Dynamics’ next-generation humanoid robot, Atlas, by Hyundai. Atlas is powered entirely by electric motors, giving it high mobility and the ability to operate autonomously. Its design improves flexibility and space efficiency, allowing it to rotate at the waist. Atlas can carry heavy objects and perform complex tasks. It is able to recognize commands, learn from its work, and make independent decisions. These capabilities enable iterative improvement of performance, particularly in precision and cooperation with humans.

The Advent of the Dark Factory

Whereas smart factories are based on Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), using Internet of Things (IoT) technologies and AI to collect and analyze data for optimal production, they still require human oversight and management. In contrast, dark factories will be fully automated and managed by physical AI, robotics, and IoT. With robots operating the factory, only conditions suitable for reliable robotic operation need to be maintained. The shift from smart factories to dark factories not only increases efficiency and precision but also enables uninterrupted production with minimal human error.

Physical AI and the Future of Society

The rapid spread of physical AI raises broader questions about work and society. Elon Musk has said that AI could eventually take over most jobs, making work optional. He argues that AI and robots may one day provide nearly all the goods and services people need. In the future, physical AI could replace a wide range of occupations, from construction laborers to surgeons. As physical AI becomes more integrated into daily life, society must consider which jobs are most likely to be replaced by robots.

Reporters

Siyeon Oh

cinamellow@seoultech.ac.kr

Seongbeom Hong

hongsb@seoultech.ac.kr

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